Joint replacement · knee
Total knee replacement
Replaces damaged joint surfaces to reduce pain and improve knee function.
General guidance
When it may be considered
- advanced symptomatic knee osteoarthritis
- varus or valg deformity
- stiffness and major loss of function
- post-traumatic osteoarthritis
Individual decision
How suitability is determined
Assessment covers limb alignment, range of motion, ligament stability, weight-bearing radiographs, associated medical conditions and the patient's goals.
An abnormal scan alone is not an indication for surgery. The symptoms, clinical examination, progression and the patient's goals must be considered together.
Surgical plan
Decisions that tailor the procedure
- weight-bearing radiographs and assessment of limb alignment
- ligament balancing and correction of the deformity within safe limits
- the type of implant and whether additional constraint is required
- realistic expectations for pain, mobility and activity
Alternatives
What is discussed before surgery
Exercise, weight management, a walking stick or brace, pain relief and selected injections may reduce symptoms. Arthroscopy is not a routine treatment for diffuse knee osteoarthritis.
Before the procedure
Preparation and safety
- bring all investigation results, previous operative records and a complete list of medication;
- tell the medical team about diabetes, anticoagulant treatment, allergies, smoking and any active infection;
- do not stop or change long-term medication without instructions from the medical team;
- plan transport, help at home and any recommended assistive devices.
After the procedure
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation aims to restore extension and flexion, control swelling, improve walking and support a progressive return to activity. The result is assessed over months, not days.
The exact protocol, permitted weight-bearing and follow-up schedule depend on the procedure performed and individual progress.
Informed consent
Risks and limitations
Possible complications include infection, thromboembolism, stiffness, instability, persistent pain, wear and the need for revision surgery.
No procedure can guarantee complete pain relief or a return to a particular level of activity.
After surgery
Signs that require prompt medical assessment
- fever, discharge, spreading redness or worsening pain at the wound;
- sudden swelling of the calf, chest pain or difficulty breathing;
- uncontrolled pain, new numbness, or a change in the colour or temperature of the limb.
For severe symptoms or an emergency, call 112. The instructions given to you at discharge take priority over the general information on this page.
Editorial responsibility
Medically reviewed content
Dr. Răzvan Anițaș
Consultant orthopaedic and trauma surgeon; PhD in medical sciences
Last editorial update: 22 August 2026
Medical sources used for patient information
First step
Consultation, diagnosis and an individual treatment recommendation
This information does not replace a consultation. Surgery is recommended only after the individual benefits, alternatives and risks have been assessed.